![]() This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme called trehalose synthase and gives rise to free trehalose as the initial product. A second pathway that has been reported in a few unusual bacteria involves the intramolecular rearrangement of maltose (glucosyl-α1,4-glucopyranoside) to convert the 1,4-linkage to the 1,1-bond of trehalose. coli) that converts the trehalose-P to free trehalose. ![]() Organisms that use this pathway usually also have a trehalose-P phosphatase (TPP here, or OtsB in E. This reaction is catalyzed by the trehalose-P synthase (TPS here, or OtsA in Escherichia coli ). The best known and most widely distributed pathway involves the transfer of glucose from UDP-glucose (or GDP-glucose in some cases) to glucose 6-phosphate to form trehalose-6-phosphate and UDP. There are now at least three different pathways described for the biosynthesis of trehalose. Finally, in mycobacteria and corynebacteria, trehalose is an integral component of various glycolipids that are important cell wall structures. ![]() In addition, it has been shown that trehalose can protect proteins and cellular membranes from inactivation or denaturation caused by a variety of stress conditions, including desiccation, dehydration, heat, cold, and oxidation. In yeast and plants, it may also serve as a signaling molecule to direct or control certain metabolic pathways or even to affect growth. This sugar is present in a wide variety of organisms, including bacteria, yeast, fungi, insects, invertebrates, and lower and higher plants, where it may serve as a source of energy and carbon. Trehalose is a nonreducing disaccharide in which the two glucose units are linked in an α,α-1,1-glycosidic linkage.
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